Analysis of complex sentences of wals info german features 122, 123, 124, 125,126,127,128
Project description
Analysis of complex sentences of wals info german features 122, 123, 124, 125,126,127,128
(starting with relativization on subjects ending with utterance complement clauses) Check out the features on the excel file for german! For instance explain
relativization on subjects explain relative pronoun, give examples for german, go value by value like this value 122 values 123 do not skip any values do not combine
them, you can get help from wals info.
0 FEATURES C Germany French
1 Consonant Inventories P Average Average
2 Vowel Quality Inventories P Large (7-14) Large (7-14)
3 Consonant-Vowel Ratio P Low Low
4 Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives P In both plosives and fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
5 Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems P None missing in /p t k b d g/ None missing in /p t k b d g/
6 Uvular Consonants P Uvular continuants only Uvular continuants only
7 Glottalized Consonants P No glottalized consonants No glottalized consonants
8 Lateral Consonants P /l/, no obstruent laterals /l/, no obstruent laterals
9 The Velar Nasal P No initial velar nasal No velar nasal
10 Vowel Nasalization P Contrast absent Contrast present
11 Front Rounded Vowels P High and mid High and mid
12 Syllable Structure P Complex Complex
13 Tone P No tones No tones
14 Fixed Stress Locations P No fixed stress No fixed stress
15 Weight-Sensitive Stress P Right-oriented: One of the last three Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate
16 Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems P Coda consonant Prominence
17 Rhythm Types P Trochaic Undetermined
18 Absence of Common Consonants P All present All present
19 Presence of Uncommon Consonants P None None
20 Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives M Exclusively concatenative Exclusively concatenative
21 Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives M Case + number No case
22 Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb M 2-3 categories per word 4-5 categories per word
23 Locus of Marking in the Clause M Dependent marking No marking
24 Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases M Dependent marking Dependent marking
25 Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology M Dependent marking Inconsistent or other
26 Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology M Strongly suffixing Strongly suffixing
27 Reduplication M No productive reduplication No productive reduplication
28 Case Syncretism M Core and non-core Core and non-core
29 Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking M Syncretic Syncretic
30 Number of Genders NC Three Two
31 Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems NC Sex-based Sex-based
32 Systems of Gender Assignment NC Semantic and formal Semantic and formal
33 Coding of Nominal Plurality NC Plural suffix Plural suffix
34 Occurrence of Nominal Plurality NC All nouns, always obligatory All nouns, always obligatory
35 Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns NC Person-number stem Person-number stem + nominal plural affix
36 The Associative Plural NC Unique periphrastic associative plural No associative plural
37 Definite Articles NC Definite word distinct from demonstrative Definite word distinct from demonstrative
38 Indefinite Articles NC Indefinite word same as ‘one’ Indefinite word same as ‘one’
39 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns NC No inclusive/exclusive No inclusive/exclusive
40 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection NC No inclusive/exclusive No inclusive/exclusive
41 Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives NC No distance contrast No distance contrast
42 Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives NC Identical Different stem
43 Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives NC Related by gender markers Related by gender markers
44 Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns NC 3rd person singular only 3rd person singular only
45 Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns NC Binary politeness distinction Binary politeness distinction
46 Indefinite Pronouns NC Mixed Generic-noun-based
47 Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns NC Differentiated Differentiated
48 Person Marking on Adpositions NC No person marking No person marking
49 Number of Cases NC 4 cases No morphological case-marking
50 Asymmetrical Case-Marking NC Syncretism in relevant NP-types No case-marking
51 Position of Case Affixes NC Case suffixes Prepositional clitics
52 Comitatives and Instrumentals NC Identity Identity
53 Ordinal Numerals NC First, two-th, three-th First, second, three-th
54 Distributive Numerals NC Marked by preceding word No distributive numerals
55 Numeral Classifiers NC Absent Absent
56 Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers NC * Formally different
57 Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes NC No possessive affixes No possessive affixes
58 Obligatory Possessive Inflection NS Absent Absent
59 Possessive Classification NS No possessive classification No possessive classification
60 Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses NS * Highly differentiated
61 Adjectives without Nouns NS * Without marking
62 Action Nominal Constructions NS Ergative-Possessive Ergative-Possessive
63 Noun Phrase Conjunction NS * And’ different from ‘with’
64 Nominal and Verbal Conjunction NS Identity Identity
65 Perfective/Imperfective Aspect VC No grammatical marking Grammatical marking
66 The Past Tense VC Present, no remoteness distinctions Present, no remoteness distinctions
67 The Future Tense VC No inflectional future Inflectional future exists
68 The Perfect VC From possessive From possessive
69 Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes VC Tense-aspect suffixes Tense-aspect suffixes
70 The Morphological Imperative VC Second singular Second singular
71 The Prohibitive VC Normal imperative + normal negative Normal imperative + normal negative
72 Imperative-Hortative Systems VC Neither type of system Neither type of system
73 The Optative VC Inflectional optative absent Inflectional optative absent
74 Situational Possibility VC Verbal constructions Verbal constructions
75 Epistemic Possibility VC Verbal constructions Verbal constructions
76 Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking VC Overlap for both possibility and necessity Overlap for both possibility and necessity
77 Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality VC Indirect only Indirect only
78 Coding of Evidentiality VC Modal morpheme Modal morpheme
79 Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect VC Tense Tense and aspect
80 Verbal Number and Suppletion VC None None
81 Order of Subject, Object and Verb WO No dominant order SVO
82 Order of Subject and Verb WO SV SV
83 Order of Object and Verb WO No dominant order VO
84 Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WO No dominant order VOX
85 Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WO Prepositions Prepositions
86 Order of Genitive and Noun WO Noun-Genitive Noun-Genitive
87 Order of Adjective and Noun WO Adjective-Noun Noun-Adjective
88 Order of Demonstrative and Noun WO Demonstrative-Noun Demonstrative-Noun
89 Order of Numeral and Noun WO Numeral-Noun Numeral-Noun
90 Order of Relative Clause and Noun WO Noun-Relative clause Noun-Relative clause
91 Order of Degree Word and Adjective WO Degree word-Adjective Degree word-Adjective
92 Position of Polar Question Particles WO No question particle Initial
93 Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WO Initial interrogative phrase Initial interrogative phrase
94 Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WO Initial subordinator word Initial subordinator word
95 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of Adposition and NP WO Other VO and Prepositions
96 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of RC and N WO Other VO and Nrel
97 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of Adj and N WO Other VO and Nadj
98 Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases SC Nominative – accusative (standard) Neutral
99 Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns SC Nominative – accusative (standard) Nominative – accusative (standard)
100 Alignment of Verbal Person Marking SC Accusative Accusative
101 Expression of Pronominal Subjects SC Obligatory pronouns in subject position Obligatory pronouns in subject position
102 Verbal Person Marking SC Only the A argument Only the A argument
103 Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking SC No zero realization No zero realization
104 Order of Person Markers on the Verb SC A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
105 Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb ‘Give’ SC Indirect-object construction Indirect-object construction
106 Reciprocal Constructions SC Mixed Mixed
107 Passive Constructions SC Present Present
108 Antipassive Constructions SC No antipassive No antipassive
109 Applicative Constructions SC No applicative construction No applicative construction
110 Periphrastic Causative Constructions SC Sequential but no purposive *
111 Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions SC Morphological but no compound Both
112 Negative Morphemes SC Negative particle Negative particle
113 Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation SC Symmetric Symmetric
114 Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation SC Non-assignable Non-assignable
115 Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation SC No predicate negation Mixed behaviour
116 Polar Questions SC Interrogative word order Question particle
117 Predicative Possession SC haben’ und Genitive *
118 Predicative Adjectives SC Nonverbal encoding Nonverbal encoding
119 Nominal and Locational Predication SC Identical Identical
120 Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals SC Impossible Impossible
121 Comparative Constructions SC Particle Comparative Particle
122 Relativization on Subjects CS Relative pronoun Relative pronoun
123 Relativization on Obliques CS Relative pronoun Relative pronoun
124 ‘Want’ Complement Subjects CS Subject is left implicit Subject is left implicit
125 Purpose Clauses CS Balanced/deranked Deranked
126 ‘When’ Clauses CS Balanced/deranked Balanced/deranked
127 Reason Clauses CS Balanced Balanced/deranked
128 Utterance Complement Clauses CS * Balanced/deranked
129 Hand and Arm L Different Different
130 Finger and Hand L Different Different
131 Numeral Bases L Decimal Decimal
132 Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories L 6 6
133 Number of Basic Colour Categories L 11 11
134 Green and Blue L Green vs. blue Green vs. blue
135 Red and Yellow L Red vs. yellow Red vs. yellow
136 M-T Pronouns L M-T pronouns, paradigmatic M-T pronouns, paradigmatic
137 N-M Pronouns L No N-M pronouns No N-M pronouns
138 Tea L Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te
141 Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WO Type 1 / Type 2 OptDoubleNeg
142 Position of Negative Word With Respect to S, O and V WO More than one position *
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