Continuous Process Vs. Development In Stages & Universal Vs Context-Specific Perspectives On Development

Sample Solution

     

Continuity Perspective:

This view emphasizes the gradual, qualitative changes that occur throughout the lifespan. People build upon existing skills and knowledge, with development being a steady, cumulative process.

• Example (p. 142): Vocabulary development in children. A child starts by babbling, then progresses to simple words, and gradually builds a more complex vocabulary over time.

 

Full Answer Section

      Discontinuity Perspective: This perspective focuses on distinct stages of development, with qualitative leaps in abilities occurring at specific points.

• Example (p. 143): Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Piaget proposed stages like the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) and the preoperational stage (2-7 years), where children exhibit distinct ways of thinking at each stage.

Universal vs. Context-Specific Development (pp. 150-151) Universal Perspective: This view argues that certain developmental milestones are universal and occur in a similar sequence across cultures. Biological factors and maturation play a key role.

• Example (p. 150): Gross motor development. All typically developing children will progress through stages like rolling, crawling, and walking, regardless of cultural background.

Context-Specific Perspective: This perspective highlights how cultural and environmental factors influence development. Social interactions, child-rearing practices, and available resources all play a role.

• Example (p. 151): Achievement motivation. Cultures that emphasize academic achievement may lead to students developing stronger motivation to excel in school compared to cultures that place less emphasis on formal education.