environmental issues

environmental issues Serious attention:Hello, my order will use Turnitin anti-plagiarism software to check, so no copy no plagiarism. If I test the order in Turnitin system show it plagiarism, I will apply refund money due to the reason bad quality. And please finish it on time,no any reason for extend?Thanks Please ensure the quality for the essay,it is important for me?Thanks The second assessment for this module, is a 2500 word report, on ONE of the essay titles below: Examine how current local and regional anthropogenic environmental change in the developing world could exacerbate predicted future impacts of  climate change on humans in those areas . (For undertaking literature searches, SCOPUS or Web of Knowledge/Science are the best starting points.) The essay should talk about climate change Here is the reading list Living with environmental change: impacts on ecosystem services and poverty alleviation in developing countries Reading List Adger, W. N., S. Huq, K. Brown, D. Conwaya and M. Hulmea (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Progress in Development Studies 3: 179-195 Aggarwal, R. M. (2006) Globalization, local ecosystems, and the rural poor. World Development 34(8): 1405-18. Ahmed, A.U. and Neelormi, S. Livelihoods of coastal fishermen in peril: In search of early evidence of climate change induced adverse effects in Bangladesh. Available online: http://www.csrlbd.org/content/climatechange/livelihood-coastal.pdf [Accessed 21Nov 2011] Atapattu, S. and D. Molden (2006). Achieving food and environmental security: Better river basin management for healthy coastal zones. Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones: Managing Agriculture-Fishery-Aquaculture Conflicts 2: 293- 301. Bucini, G. and N. P. Hanan (2007). A continental-scale analysis of tree cover in African savannas. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 593-605. Bunce, M., S. Rosendo and K. Brown Perceptions of climate change, multiple stressors and livelihoods on marginal African coasts. Environment Development and Sustainability 12(3): 407-440. Buytaert, W., R. Celleri, B. De Bievre, F. Cisneros, G. Wyseure, J. Deckers and R. Hofstede (2006). Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean paramos. Earth- Science Reviews 79(1-2): 53-72. Chisholm, R. A. Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot. Ecological Economics 69(10): 1973-1987. Christensen, J. H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R. K. Kolli, W. T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C. G. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton (2007). Regional Climate Projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manninget al. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 847-940. Cox, P. M., R. A. Betts, M. Collins, P. P. Harris, C. Huntingford and C. D. Jones (2004). Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 78(1-3): 137-156. Dai, A. G., K. E. Trenberth and T. T. Qian (2004). A global dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870-2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5(6): 1117-1130. Dai, A. G., P. J. Lamb, K. E. Trenberth, M. Hulme, P. D. Jones and P. P. Xie (2004). The recent Sahel drought is real. International Journal of Climatology 24(11): 1323- 1331. Dale, V. H., Joyce, L.A., McNulty, S., Neilson, R.P., Ayres, M.P., Flannigan, M.D., Hanson, P.J., Irland, L.C., Lugo, A.E., Peterson, C.J., Simberloff, D., Swanson, F.J., Stocks, B.J., Wotton, B.M. (2001). Climate Change and Forest Disturbances. BioScience 51(723-734). De Groot, R.S., Wilson, M.A., Boumans, R.M.J. (2002): A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41: 393–40 Delire, C., A. Ngomanda and D. Jolly (2008). Possible impacts of 21st century climate on vegetation in Central and West Africa. Global and Planetary Change 64(1-2): 3-15. Dettinger, M. D. (2000). Global Characteristics of Stream Flow Seasonality and Variability. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1: 289-310. Dhiman, S.D., Keshari, A.K. (2006) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of high-fluoride groundwaters: a case study from Mehsana District, Gujarat, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 51, 1149-1162. Doherty, R. M., S. Sitch, B. Smith, S. L. Lewis and P. K. Thornton Implications of future climate and atmospheric CO2 content for regional biogeochemistry, biogeography and ecosystem services across East Africa. Global Change Biology 16(2): 617-640. Du, M. Y., S. Kawashima, S. Yonemura, X. Z. Zhang and S. B. Chen (2004). Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau during recent years. Global and Planetary Change 41: 241-249. Finlayson, C., M. Bellio and J. Lowry (2005). A conceptual basis for the wise use of wetlands in northern Australia – linking information needs, integrated analyses, drivers of change and human well-being. Marine and Freshwater Research 56(3): 269-277. Foley, J. A., Levis, S., Costa, M.H., Cramer, W., Pollard, D. (2000). Incorporating dynamic vegetation cover within global climate models. Ecological Applications 10: 1620–1632. Gordon, L.J., Peterson, G.D. and Bennett, E.M. (2007) Agricultural modifications of hydrological flows create ecological surprises. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23(4): 211-219 Gray, L. C. & W. G. Moseley. (2005). A geographical perspective on povertyenvironment interactions. The Geographical Journal 171: 9-23. Groffman, P., D. Bain and L. Band (2003). Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 1(6): 315-321. Gupta, S.K., Deshpande, R.D. (1999) Water stress in Gujarat, India: Dimensions, development plans and peoples’ movement for sustainable growth. Water Resources Planning and Management, 19-31. Gurnell, A., H. Moggridge, G. McGregor, S. Gosling and A. Jones (2008). A baseline appraisal of water-dependant ecosystem services, the roles they play within desakota livelihood systems and their potential sensitivity to climate change. . Final report for DFID, ESRC and NERC ‘Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation’ programme, Available online: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/programmes/espa/documents/Final%20Report%20Des akota%20Part%20II%20C%20Natural%20Science%20Review.pdf [Accessed 14 December 2010]. Haack, B. N. and G. Khatiwada (2007). Rice and bricks: Environmental issues and mapping of the unusual crop rotation pattern in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Environmental Management 39(6): 774-782. Haines-Young, R. and M. Potschin (2007) The Ecosystem Concept and the Identification of Ecosystem Goods and Services in the English Policy Context. Review Paper to Defra, Project Code NR0107.Available online: http://www.ecosystemservices.org.uk/docs/NR0107_pos%20paper%20EA_D1.3.pdf [Accessed 22 Nov 2011] Hely, C., L. Bremond, S. Alleaume, B. Smith, M. T. Sykes and J. Guiot (2006). Sensitivity of African biomes to changes in the precipitation regime. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15(3): 258-270. Higgins, P. A. T. (2007). Biodiversity loss under existing land use and climate change: an illustration using northern South America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16(2): 197-204. Korsgaard, L. and J. S. Schou Economic valuation of aquatic ecosystem services in developing countries. Water Policy 12(1): 20-31. Laurance, W. F. (2004). Forest-climate interactions in fragmented tropical landscapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 359(1443): 345-352. Lemke, P., J. Ren, R. B. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R. H. Thomas and T. Zhang, Eds. (2007). Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Luck, G. W., K. M. A. Chan and J. P. Fay (2009). Protecting ecosystem services and biodiversity in the world's watersheds. Conservation Letters 2(4): 179-188. Meehl, G., T. Stocker, W. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J. Murphy, A. Noda, S. Raper, I. Watterson, A. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao, Eds. (2007). Global Climate Projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Middleton, N. (2008). The Global Casino. London, Hodder Education. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystem Services and Human Well- Being: Desertification Synthesis. Washington DC, Island Press. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: General Synthesis Washington DC, Island Press. Mirza, M. M. Q. (2002). Global warming and changes in the probability of occurence of floods in Bangladesh and implications. Global Environmental Change 12(127-138). Montoya, J. M. and D. Raffaelli Climate change, biotic interactions and ecosystem services Introduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 365(1549): 2013-2018. O'Farrell, P. J., B. Reyers, D. C. Le Maitre, S. J. Milton, B. Egoh, A. Maherry, C. Colvin, D. Atkinson, W. De Lange, J. N. Blignaut and R. M. Cowling Multi-functional landscapes in semi arid environments: implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology 25(8): 1231-1246. Parnell, S., D. Simon and C. Vogel (2007). Global environmental change: conceptualising the growing challenge for cities in poor countries.Area 39(3): 357-369 Parrya, M., N. Arnellb, T. McMichaelc, R. Nichollsd, P. Martense, S. Kovatsc, M. Livermorea, C. Rosenzweigf, A. Iglesiasg and G. Fischerh (2001). Millions at risk: defining critical climate change threats and targets.Global Environmental Change 11(181-183). Piao, S. L., P. Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, N. De Noblet-Ducoudre, D. Labat and S. Zaehle (2007). Changes in climate and land use have a larger direct impact than rising CO2 on global river runoff trends. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104(15242- 15247). Ramankutty, N., J. A. Foley, J. Norman and K. McSweeney (2002). The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11(5): 377-392. Ray, D. K., R. M. Welch, R. O. Lawton and U. S. Nair (2006). Dry season clouds and rainfall in northern Central America:implications for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Global and Planetary Change 54: 150-162. Rietkerk, M., Dekker, S.C., de Ruiter, P.C., van de Koppel, J. (2004). Self-Organized Patchiness and Catastrophic Shifts in Ecosystems Science 305: 1926-1929. Rutkowski, T., L. Raschid-Sally and S. Buechler (2007). Wastewater irrigation in the developing world - Two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Agricultural Water Management 88(1-3): 83-91. Sahin, V. and H. M.J. (1996). The effects of afforestation and deforestation on water yields. Journal of Hydrology 178: 293-309. Sankaran, M., J. Ratnam and N. P. Hanan (2008). Woody cover in African savannas: the role of resources, fire and herbivory. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 236-245. Scanlon, B. R., D. G. Levitt, R. C. Reedy, K. E. Keese and M. J. Sully (2005). Ecological controls on water-cycle response to climate variability in deserts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(17): 6033-6038. Scanlon, B. R., I. Jolly, M. Sophocleous and L. Zhang (2007). Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: Quantity versus quality. Water Resources Research 43(3). Scheffer, M., M. Holmgren, V. Brovkin and M. Claussen (2005). Synergy between smalland large-scale feedbacks of vegetation on the water cycle. Global Change Biology 11(7): 1003-1012. Scholes, R. J. (2009). Syndromes of dryland degradation in southern Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26(3): 113-125. Scholze, M., W. Knorr, N. Arnell and I. Prentice (2006). A climate change risk analysis for world ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103: 13116– 13120. Stenseth, N. C., A. Mysterud, G. Ottersen, J. W. Hurrell, K.-S. Chan and M. Lima (2002). Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science 207: 1292-1296 Sternberg, L. d. S. L. (2001). Savanna-forest hysteresis in the tropics. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10(4): 369-378. Van Vuuren, D. P., Sala, O. E., Pereira, H. M. (2006). The future of vascular plant diversity under four global scenarios. Ecology and Society 11(2): 25 [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art25/. Velarde, S. J., Y. Malhi, D. Moran, J. Wright and S. Hussain (2005). Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa. Ecological Economics 53(1): 21-33. Vörösmarty, C. J., Sahagian, D. (2000). Anthropogenic Disturbance of the Terrestrial Water Cycle. Bioscience 50(9): 753-765. Yu, L., Cao, M., Li, K. (2006). Climate-induced changes in the vegetation pattern of China in the 21st century Ecological Research 21 (912–919). Further Reading list Here is some further reading for the lecture. Of course you don't have to read everything, but there are many interesting reports and papers in the areas that I discussed. Websites The Millennium Ecosystem Services initiative has a dedicated website with lots of good information relating to the lecture (http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html). Also have a look at the 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity' (TEEB) website (http://www.teebweb.org/) which concentrates on the economic valuations of natures services. The websites have loads of great information, but also they have freely available reports (as pdfs) that provide a wealth of information in these areas. A good place to start on Ecosystem Services is the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Reports. These are freely available from the MEA website http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Synthesis.html The TEEB website which also has a number of freely available reports that look at the valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and how these valuations can be incorporated into economic decision making. The reports are available at http://www.teebweb.org/our-publications/. The report called Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature is the shortest but provides lots of good info. The 'TEEB Interim Report' is where the TEEB stuff started and is a bit longer but also very informative. Some of the reports for the MEA and TEEB are very large but there are a number of cut down summary versions that cover the main points. The synthesis and summary reports cover all the main points in a clear concise fashion and are designed to be read by busy people such as policy makers and decision makers (and Masters students!). The main document is the 'TEEB Ecological and Economic Foundations' - have a look at chapter 1 which provides a good summary and also tells you what is in the other chapters of the document. For more information on climate change go to the IPCC website (http://www.ipcc.ch/). The reports here are a bit more technical (particularly the report on the physical science basis). However summaries for policy makers are available, and include reports on impacts and mitigation strategies. Journal Articles The journal 'Ecology and Society' had a special issue on ecosystem services, and covers a lot of the material in the MEA assessments but in a little more detail. You can access the special issue at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/issues/view.php?sf=23 This Journal also regularly has articles on the subject of ecosystem services. For more information of the valuation of ecosystem services (and a more about the classification of them) there is a special issue of Ecological Economics that has a number of interesting papers. The article by de Groot et al is a very comprehensive listing of ecosystem services and their valuation is worth reading. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09218009/41 Another interesting paper is available at the following site www.nottingham.ac.uk/cem/pdf/Haines-Young&Potschin_2010.pdf Other useful papers on the environmental degradation and ecosystem damage include the following: Hughes, L. (2000) Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already, TREE, 15, 56 - 61 Foley et al., (2005) Global Consequences of Land Use, Science, 309, 570-574 McAlpine, CA., (2010) More than CO2: a broader paradigm for managing climate change and variability to avoid ecosystem collapse. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 334-346. Rockstrom et al., (2009) A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, 461, 472-475 Lambin et al., (2001) The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change, 11, 261-269 There are obviously many, many, more papers that you could read but those listed above will give you a good grounding in the subject. There is a comprehensive list of further paper on MOLE that was provided by Dr Helen Moggridge. Books Although you should concentrate on scientific reports and the technical literature for your studies if you fancy a little bit of lighter reading of friendly but informative books the following are of interest. 'The God Species' by Mark Lynas which covers how we are changing the world and how technology may help. The book 'Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the World in the 20th Century' by J.R.Mcneill is very good but out of print, but you can get 2nd hand copies on Amazon. An easy read on ecosystem services is 'What Has Nature Ever Done For Us?: How Money Really Does Grow On Trees' by Tony Juniper. PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET AN AMAZING DISCOUNT :)