HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Sample Solution
Here are the answers to your questions about HIV and related conditions:
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HIV-1 is the prominent HIV type in the United States.
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The three most important modes of transmission for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are:
- Unprotected sexual contact: This includes vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom or other barrier method.
- Sharing needles or syringes: This can occur with injection drug use, tattooing, or piercing.
- Mother-to-child transmission (vertical transmission): HIV can be transmitted during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and symptoms usually occur when T cells (CD4+ cells) dip below 200 cells/µL.
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HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) is a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). It always includes at least three drugs from two or more drug classes.
Full Answer Section
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The three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are:
- Efavirenz (EFV)
- Nevirapine (NVP)
- Etravirine (ETR)
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High-risk types of human papillomavirus, particularly HPV types 16 and 18, are the primary causes of uterine cervical cancer in women and a significant proportion of anal cancers in men and women.
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Toxoplasmosis can be acquired primarily by two means:
- Ingestion of oocysts shed in cat feces: This can occur through contact with contaminated soil, litter boxes, or raw vegetables.
- Consumption of undercooked or raw meat containing tissue cysts: This is most common with pork, lamb, and venison.
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For infants, because of saliva and urine, cytomegalovirus (CMV) spreads rapidly in daycare settings.
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The causative agent for the disease Pneumocystosis (also known as Pneumocystis pneumonia or PCP) is the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
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Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from the cells that line blood and lymph vessels (endothelial cells). In endothelial tissue, Kaposi's sarcoma causes the formation of abnormal blood vessels that grow and form lesions or tumors. These lesions often appear as purple, red, or brown blotches or nodules on the skin, but they can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the lining of the mouth, nose, throat, lymph nodes, and internal organs. Kaposi's sarcoma is strongly associated with infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and is particularly common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS.