Introduction to Social Research

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Concept Map: Scientific Knowledge

Scientific knowledge is a body of knowledge acquired through scientific methods. It is based on evidence, is testable and reproducible, and is subject to change as new evidence is discovered.

Types of scientific knowledge

There are two main types of scientific knowledge:

• Descriptive: This type of knowledge describes the natural world as it is. For example, the statement "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level" is a descriptive statement.

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• Explanatory: This type of knowledge explains why things happen the way they do. For example, the statement "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level because the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere" is an explanatory statement.

Scientific method The scientific method is a process used to acquire scientific knowledge. It involves the following steps:

1. Observation: The scientist observes the natural world and identifies a problem or question.
2. Hypothesis: The scientist forms a hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation for the problem or question.
3. Experiment: The scientist conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Analysis: The scientist analyzes the results of the experiment and determines whether or not the hypothesis is supported.
5. Conclusion: The scientist draws a conclusion based on the results of the experiment.

The scientific method is a cyclical process, meaning that scientists may need to repeat steps 2-5 multiple times before they can arrive at a definitive conclusion. Characteristics of scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge is characterized by the following:

• Objectivity: Scientific knowledge is based on objective evidence, not on personal opinions or beliefs.
• Testability: Scientific knowledge is testable and reproducible. This means that other scientists can repeat the experiments that produced the knowledge and obtain the same results.
• Self-correcting: Scientific knowledge is subject to change as new evidence is discovered. This means that scientists are willing to revise their theories and conclusions in light of new information.

Importance of scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge is important for a number of reasons. It helps us to understand the natural world, make predictions about the future, and develop new technologies. Scientific knowledge is also essential for solving complex problems, such as climate change and disease. Example of scientific knowledge One example of scientific knowledge is the theory of gravity. This theory explains why objects fall to the ground. The theory of gravity was developed by Isaac Newton in the 17th century and has been tested and verified by scientists countless times since then. The theory of gravity is used in a wide range of applications, from designing bridges to launching rockets into space. Conclusion Scientific knowledge is a powerful tool that can be used to improve our understanding of the world and solve complex problems. It is important to remember that scientific knowledge is constantly evolving as new evidence is discovered.