Obesity

Obesity Read the instructions carefully. Answer all the questions IN THE DOCUMENT. Case study on Obesity. Reference in the answer sheet Paula Paulsen is a 48-year-old African-American woman employed as accounting clerk. Her family physician diagnoses her with hypertension and obesity. Ms. Paulsen has repeatedly attempted to lose weight, about 10 times over the past 12 years. She had started to gain weight with her first pregnancy 16 years ago and would very much like to regain her pre-pregnancy weight to “look better”.She furthermore complains of snoring to the point of waking up her domestic partner but denies waking up herself or being overly tired during the day. pMHx: no CVD, no gallbladder disease, 3 live births, each with excessive weight gain of 14-16kg, of which 8 were lost within one year after delivery. Rx at home: 500mg Calcium plus 400µg vitamin D bid, fish oil capsules daily FHx: Ms. Paulsen recalls her mother being obese and suffering from high blood pressure but not diabetes. The mother died of a myocardial infarction at age 59. Ms. Paulsen has one brother who is obese and two brothers who are normal weight. She does not recall her father. SHx: Ms. Paulsen reports drinking one glass of red wine with dinner daily, eating three meals daily and snacking when food is available or her tasks at work don’t require her full attention. Review of Systems: Skin: rash in skinfolds HEENT: all WNL (Note: this is not how it would be noted in an electronic record) Neurologic:a&o x 4, no headaches, tremors, seizures or depression Endocrine: normal menstrual cycle, denies abnormal heat or cold intolerances Cardiovascular: RRR Joints: no swelling, heat or redness Physical Examination Vital Signs Temperature: 98.4?F (36.9?C) HR: 88BPM, BP: 135/88 mm Hg, RR (respiratory rate): 24 Height: 5’3” Current weight: 208 lbs. Waist circumference: 38 inches Weight history: highest adult weight is current weight, lowest adult weight of 150 lbs prior to the first pregnancy Exam General: obese woman in no acute distress, no cushingoid features, negative for hirsutism, no dorsal, cervical, or supraclavicular fat Skin:ecchymosis, abrasions and rash in skinfolds in abdominal area, no acanthosis nigricans HEENT: unremarkable Neck:nonpalpable thyroid Chest:cta Heart: S1 and S2 normal rate and rhythm Abdominal: obese, no organomegaly Extremities: no edema Laboratory data Glucose: 116 mg/dL Potassium: 3.8 mEq/L Cholesterol: 216 mg/dl Triglycerides: 175 mg/dL HDL-C: 42 mg/dL Calculated LDL-C: 139 mg/dL Usual intake: Breakfast Coffee    8 oz Half and half cream    1 oz Bagel    1 large Cream cheese    2 Tbs Orange juice    8 oz Lunch Chef salad (Turkey, ham, cheese, boiled egg)    2 cups French dressing    3 Tbs Bread sticks    2 small Iced tea (sweetened)    12 oz Snack Pretzels    1.5 oz bag Diet soda    12 oz Dinner Spaghetti    2 cups Tomato sauce    ½ cup Beef meatballs    3 oz Garlic bread    1 pc Red wine    5 oz Snack Vanilla wafers    10 small Lemonade    12 oz Total kcal 2691 kcal Protein 94g (14%) Fat 90g (30%) Sat fat: 33g (11%) MUFA: 21 g (7%) Cholesterol: 334 mg Carbohydrate: 355g (53%) Fiber: 13g Sodium: 4800mg Calcium: 601mg Case questions: Answer the case questions using a different font color (blue or green). 1.    What are the current cutoff values for the classification of obesity? 2.    How are overweight and obesity clinically assessed in this patient? (I.e. what tool is used to assess her, what class is she in, and what data did you use for the assessment?) 3.    What are the medical risks associated with obesity in this patient? 4.    Does Paula Paulsen meet the criteria to diagnose metabolic syndrome? 5.    Which of Ms. Paulsen’s current health concerns are likely related to her body weight (assuming that the excess weight is body fat)? 6.    What are appropriate treatment goals for Ms. Paulsen? Explain the expected benefits. 7.    Ms. Paulsen asks about weight loss drugs. Find and list prescription weight loss drugs. For one of these drugs, explain roughly how they work and list indications and counter-indications. What is the success rate of these drugs? 8.    Ms. Paulsen asks if a high-protein, low carbohydrate diet would be appropriate for her. Describe the biochemical and metabolic effects of high protein, low carbohydrate diet. 9.    Explain if a low carbohydrate diet is appropriate for this particular patient. 10.    Assess Ms. Paulsen’s height and weight. Calculate BMI. What would be a reasonable weight goal for Ms. Paulsen? Explain how you determined this. (Note: ideal body weight is NOT the answer) 11.    Identify any abnormal biochemical indices and discuss the probable underlying etiology. How might they change after weight loss? (You could use a book like Wallach’s Interpretation of diagnostic tests for this question. Information is available online and in Appendix F of your textbook as well) 1p each, 0.5 for etiology each 12.    Determine Mr. McKinley’s energy and protein requirements. Explain the rationale for the method you used to calculate these requirements. 13.    Identify the pertinent nutrition problems and the corresponding nutrition diagnoses. Write the diagnoses with the appropriate PES statements. (This is where you use the eNCP) 14.    What dietary and exercise guidelines would you recommend for Ms. Paulsen specifically? 15.    Design a revised diet based on her usual intake listed above and contrast key values of the analytic parameters (total energy, fat, protein, etc.). To do this easily, I recommend entering the original data to a diet analysis program (supertracker is the default), noting the analysis, then changing specific menu items to achieve your goal. 16.    Would Ms. Paulsen qualify for bariatric surgery: What are the standard adult criteria for consideration as a candidate for bariatric surgery, and which of these criteria does Ms. Paulsen meet? (Use the table for your answer) 17.    Fill out the ADIME form below for this patient. (The form is on the next page.) Note: you will need to define INTERVENTION(S), and MONITORING/EVALUATION criteria. Use the eNCP for this. Make sure your interventions address the problems you listed in the PES statements, and your M/E criteria check if you have resolved the problems. A - Assessment S - Subjective Chief Complaint: UBW: Weight change: gain / loss Appetite: Chewing / swallowing problem / sore mouth Nausea / vomiting / diarrhea / constipation Food intolerance / allergies: Diet prior to admit:    Nutritional supplement: Vitamins / herbs: Food  preparation: Factors affecting food intake: Social / cultural / religious / financial Other: O - Objective Current Diet Order: Medical Diagnosis: Past Medical History: Nutrition Focused Physical Signs &Symptoms: Age: Gender: Male      ? Female  ?    Ht:    Wt:        Admit    ? Current   ?    DBW:    BMI: % UBW: % wt?:    % DBW:    Other: Nutritionally Relevant Laboratory Data: Drug Nutrient Interaction: Estimated Energy Need: ______________ kcal / day Based on: Estimated Protein Need: _______________  g/day Based on:    Estimated Fluid Need: _____________ ml / day Based on: Nutrition Diagnosis (D) A - Assessment (A) State no more than 2 priority Nutrition Diagnosis  statements in PES Format. Use Nutrition Diagnosis Terminology sheet ND Term (Problem)  related to (Etiology) as evidenced by (Signs and Symptoms) : 1. 2. Nutrition Intervention (I) P - Plan List Nutrition Interventions. Use Nutrition Intervention Terminology sheet. (The intervention(s) must address the problems (diagnoses). Goal(s): Plan for Monitoring and Evaluation (M E) List indicators for monitoring and evaluation. Use Nutrition Assessment and Monitoring & Evaluation sheets. (Upon follow-up, the plan for monitoring would indicate if interventions are addressing the problems). Signature: Date: