Osteoporosis

Full Answer Section

2. T-scores between -1.0 and -2.5

Explanation: A T-score of -1 indicates normal bone density. Scores between -1.0 and -2.5 are considered osteopenia, indicating low bone mass but not osteoporosis yet. Scores below -2.5 signify osteoporosis.

3. Bisphosphonates are considered the first-line treatment for osteoporosis.

Considerations before starting Bisphosphonates:

• History of esophageal problems: Bisphosphonates can irritate the esophagus.
• Kidney function: These medications require adequate kidney function.
• Dental health: There is a small risk of jawbone complications with long-term use. A dental check-up is recommended before starting treatment.

Recommendations for the patient:

• Take the medication as prescribed, following specific instructions regarding food and posture.
• Maintain a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
• Engage in weight-bearing exercises to improve bone strength.
• Discuss the importance of regular follow-up appointments to monitor progress.

Note: This information is intended for general knowledge and should not be a substitute for medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.

Sample Solution

Answers:

1. A. Nehineza, an overweight African American female with a family history of uterine cancer

Rationale: While family history can be a risk factor, osteoporosis is more common in thin, Caucasian and Asian women. Additionally, being overweight offers some protection against bone loss.