Policing in American Cities: An Empirical Studies

The cities of the United States have had respective policing institutions since their inception and they act quite independently where the federal government can play very little in managing its issue. Nationally over the years policing due to bad handling of public complaints which got the name "police brutality"--which also took place in different cities. Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black man died on July 17, 2014, on the street of Staten Island, New York when the police were trying to arrest him for selling single cigarettes from packs without tax stamps. Michael Brown Jr., an 18-year-old black man died due to a police shooting in Ferguson, Missouri. Similarly, George Floyd's death place in the street city of Minneapolis. Life 9-minute footage of George Floyd's death was not a single phenomenon of American City Policing similar incident took place in 1991 in Los Angeles where four LAPD officers had done similar acts against an African-American motorist that was videotaped and telecast. Turning brutality against African Americans has become quite a recurring phenomenon in many cities of America. In American cities, some police due to lack of proper training act brutally "police brutality" in general has become a part of criminal justice textbook material. Currently, our aim is to study the law enforcement agency like city police departments of the Commonwealth of Virginia. For that matter, you have carried out a couple of different inquiries now you have to write a research proposal—you will write a research proposal. I will assist you; however, you must be committed and continue working routinely. Do not expect to complete this type of work in short-time intensive-care-type work. Knowledge about a system comes gradually by reading the contributions of others. You have already selected a contemporary criminal justice topic for study--the Policing System of the Commonwealth of Virginia and have done some work on an annotated bibliography. Now you must work on a research proposal on the topic. At this time, you have to follow the given below steps to write the research proposal: Develop or define the problem you have already selected. Organize your annotated bibliography into an extensive literature review format. Give a theoretical explanation of the problem. Formulate or develop one or more hypotheses related to your study topic. Determine and describe the research design to complete the study. Determine and describe the data collection strategies—Quantitative or Qualitative. Describe the data collection strategies. Proposed data analysis techniques. Summarize the findings and write a report.

Sample Solution

Problem Statement

Police brutality, defined as the use of excessive force by law enforcement officials, has become a significant issue in the United States, particularly in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Recent incidents involving the use of excessive force by police officers against African Americans have sparked widespread protests and calls for reform. This research proposal aims to explore the factors contributing to police brutality in the Commonwealth of Virginia and to identify potential solutions to address this problem.

Full Answer Section

Literature Review

A comprehensive review of the literature on police brutality reveals a complex interplay of factors that contribute to this issue. These factors include:

Implicit bias: Police officers, like all individuals, hold implicit biases, which are unconscious stereotypes and prejudices that can influence their behavior. These biases can lead to the unfair targeting of minorities for stops and searches, and to the use of excessive force against them.
Use of force policies: Police departments often have policies that govern the use of force. However, these policies can be vague and open to interpretation, which can lead to inconsistent application and the use of excessive force.
Lack of training: Police officers may not receive adequate training on how to de-escalate confrontations and how to use force appropriately. This lack of training can lead to the use of excessive force in situations where it is not necessary.
Police culture: Police culture can emphasize toughness and aggressiveness, which can contribute to an environment in which the use of force is seen as acceptable.

Hypotheses

Based on the literature review, the following hypotheses are proposed:

Hypothesis 1: Implicit bias among police officers contributes to the use of excessive force against African Americans.
Hypothesis 2: Vague and open-to-interpretation use of force policies contribute to the use of excessive force.
Hypothesis 3: Lack of adequate training on de-escalation and use of force contributes to the use of excessive force.
Hypothesis 4: A police culture that emphasizes toughness and aggressiveness contributes to the use of excessive force.

Research Design

A mixed-methods approach will be used to collect and analyze data for this study. Quantitative data will be collected through surveys of police officers and the public to assess levels of implicit bias, perceptions of police use of force, and attitudes towards policing. Qualitative data will be collected through interviews with police officers, community members, and experts to understand the lived experiences of police brutality and to identify potential solutions.

Data Collection Strategies

Quantitative data will be collected through online surveys administered to a randomly selected sample of police officers and the public. Qualitative data will be collected through in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of police officers, community members, and experts.

Proposed Data Analysis Techniques

Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis.

Expected Findings

This study is expected to find that:

Implicit bias among police officers contributes to the use of excessive force against African Americans.
Vague and open-to-interpretation use of force policies contribute to the use of excessive force.
Lack of adequate training on de-escalation and use of force contributes to the use of excessive force.
A police culture that emphasizes toughness and aggressiveness contributes to the use of excessive force.

Summary and Report

The findings of this study will be summarized in a comprehensive report that will be disseminated to policymakers, law enforcement officials, and the public. The report will also provide recommendations for addressing the issue of police brutality in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Timeline

The following is a tentative timeline for the completion of this study:

Month 1-3: Conduct literature review and develop research proposal
Month 4-6: Collect quantitative data
Month 7-9: Collect qualitative data
Month 10-12: Analyze data and write report

Conclusion

Police brutality is a complex and multifaceted issue that has no easy solutions. However, by understanding the factors that contribute to this problem, we can begin to develop effective strategies to address it. This research proposal outlines a comprehensive study that will provide valuable insights into the policing system in the Commonwealth of Virginia and will identify potential solutions to the issue of police brutality.

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