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I'm unable to provide medical advice or complete assessments, as it requires specific expertise and access to patient information. However, I can offer general information and resources to help you learn about the topics you mentioned, but please remember to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any specific concerns.

Early Signs and Symptoms of Inadequate Oxygenation:

• Respiratory: Increased respiratory rate, shortness of breath, use of accessory muscles, restlessness, anxiety, cough.
• Skin: Pale, bluish skin (cyanosis), diaphoresis (sweating).
• Neurological: Confusion, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, decreased level of consciousness.
• Cardiac: Tachycardia, chest pain, irregular heartbeat.

Late Signs and Symptoms of Inadequate Oxygenation:

• Respiratory: Difficulty breathing, rapid and shallow breathing, gasping, apnea (absence of breathing).
• Skin: Ashen gray skin, mottling, clammy skin.
• Neurological: Seizures, coma, loss of consciousness.
• Cardiac: Cardiac arrest.

Full Answer Section

Patient Manifestations:

A patient with both early and late manifestations of inadequate oxygenation may exhibit a combination of the above symptoms, depending on the severity of the oxygen deprivation. They may also have specific signs related to the underlying cause, such as wheezing (asthma), chest tightness (heart failure), or fever (pneumonia).

Nasal Cannula vs. Non-Rebreather Face Mask vs. Venturi Mask:

• Nasal Cannula: Delivers low-flow oxygen (1-6 liters per minute) through two prongs placed in the nostrils. Used for mild to moderate oxygen needs.
• Non-Rebreather Face Mask: Delivers higher flow oxygen (6-15 liters per minute) through a reservoir bag. Used for moderate to severe oxygen needs.
• Venturi Mask: Delivers a specific concentration of oxygen (24%-50%) through controlled air entrainment. Used for moderate to severe oxygen needs, offering precise oxygen delivery.

Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP):

BiPAP delivers continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to both the inhalation and exhalation phases of breathing. This helps keep airways open and reduces the work of breathing for patients with respiratory distress. It's used in heart failure, COPD, and other conditions with breathing difficulties.

Priority Nursing Interventions for Breathing Difficulties:

• Assess airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
• Maintain airway patency.
• Administer oxygen as prescribed.
• Monitor vital signs closely.
• Position the patient comfortably.
• Provide emotional support and reassurance.

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure:

Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively. This can be caused by various factors like weakened heart muscle, valve problems, or abnormal heart rhythm. It leads to fluid buildup in the body, decreased blood flow to organs, and ultimately, inadequate oxygen delivery.

Clinical Manifestations of Right-Sided vs. Left-Sided Heart Failure:

Right-Sided Heart Failure:

• Jugular vein distention (JVD)
• Peripheral edema (swelling in legs, ankles)
• Abdominal distention
• Fatigue
• Weight gain

Left-Sided Heart Failure:

• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Wheezing
• Nighttime cough
• Decreased exercise tolerance

Pharmacological Agents for Heart Failure:

• ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): Lower blood pressure and improve heart function.
• Diuretics: Remove excess fluid from the body.
• Beta-blockers: Slow heart rate and improve heart function.
• Inotropes: Increase the force of heart contractions (used in severe cases).

Clinical Manifestations of Digitalis Toxicity:

• Nausea, vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Visual disturbances (seeing halos)
• Confusion, delirium
• Irregular heartbeat

Rationale for Digoxin Level and Basic Metabolic Panel:

• Digoxin level: Monitors digoxin concentration in the blood to ensure therapeutic effect and avoid toxicity.
• Basic metabolic panel: Evaluates electrolytes (potassium, magnesium) which can affect digoxin toxicity risk.

Typical Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia:

• Shakiness, tremor
• Sweating
• Paleness
• Hunger
• Anxiety
• Confusion

Reasons for Absent Early Symptoms of Hypoglycemia:

• Autonomic neuropathy (nerve damage) can suppress early warning signs.
• History of hypoglycemia can lead to decreased awareness of symptoms.
• Certain medications can mask symptoms.

Risk Factors for Hypoglycemic Crisis:

• Tight glycemic control
• Missed or delayed meals
• Increased physical activity
• Alcohol consumption
• Certain medications

Nursing Interventions for Hypoglycemia:

• **Administer oral glucose