Races and ethnic groups in DM

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•  a hallmark of type 2 diabetes.

These signs and symptoms, coupled with C.B.'s family history of diabetes and lack of follow-up after previous abnormal results, raise strong suspicion for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Further investigations like HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test are needed for confirmation.

Impact of Bacterial Pneumonia on Glycemia:

Bacterial pneumonia can trigger stress hormones like cortisol and glucagon, leading to increased blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) in diabetic patients. This phenomenon is called stress-induced hyperglycemia. Therefore, C.B.'s glycemic control is likely to worsen if she develops pneumonia, requiring close monitoring and adjustments to her diabetes management plan.

Recommended Initial Therapy for C.B.:

Non-pharmacologic:

• Lifestyle modifications:
  • Healthy diet: Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein while limiting processed foods and sugary drinks.
  • Regular physical activity: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
  • Weight management: Losing even 5-10% of body weight can significantly improve insulin sensitivity.

Pharmacologic:

• The specific medication choice depends on individual factors like severity, comorbidities, and response to therapy. Options may include:
  • Metformin: First-line medication for type 2 diabetes, promoting insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production.
  • Sulfonylureas: Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.
  • DPP-4 inhibitors: Enhance insulin secretion and reduce glucagon production.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors: Help the kidneys eliminate excess glucose through urine.

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.

It's important to note that C.B.'s case requires a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan considering her specific medical history, cultural background, and individual needs.

Sample Solution

Case Study: C.B. and Potential Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Different Racial and Ethnic Groups:

While diabetes mellitus (DM) can affect anyone, some groups have a higher prevalence compared to others. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), certain racial and ethnic groups in the United States have a higher risk:

• Hispanic/Latino: 12.8%
• Black (non-Hispanic): 12.2%
• American Indian/Alaska Native: 11.5%
• Non-Hispanic Asian: 8.0%
• Non-Hispanic White: 7.4%

These statistics highlight the importance of considering C.B.'s Winnebago Indian heritage as a potential risk factor for developing DM.

Clinical Manifestations Suggestive of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in C.B.:

• Elevated fasting blood sugar (141 mg/dL): Normal fasting blood sugar is below 100 mg/dL.
• High cholesterol (225 mg/dL): Desirable LDL cholesterol level is below 100 mg/dL.
• Increased thirst and urination: Classic symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes due to excess glucose in the blood.
• Foot weakness and numbness: Potential diabetic neuropathy, a complication of chronic hyperglycemia.
• Recent weight gain: May contribute to insulin resistance,