Social Psychology

Choosing Your Social Psychology Concept You are free to choose any social concept that we have covered in the scope of this course, but certain concepts will be easier to write about than other concepts. For example, it may be rela?vely easier to observe and write about aGribu?ons in both human-to-human interac?ons and human-to-computer interac?ons (e.g., the person/computer you are talking to have failed to perform well on a certain task, what/how do you aGribute the blame to?). On the other hand, it could be much harder to write about cogni?ve dissonance theory because computers don’t carry “aNtudes” in the same manner as we do. Choosing the Right “Computer” Tradi?onally, human-to-computer interac?on has been studied as a mul?disciplinary subject across fields of computer science, robo?cs, and psychology. For the purpose of this assignment, we will use a broad defini?on of “computer”. A computer can be any digital technology or system that humans can interact with (e.g., personal computers, smartphones, self-checkout machines, chatbots, etc.). While a more relaxed defini?on of “computer” may be adopted, for your ease of wri?ng this term paper, I strongly suggest you choose a computer that comes with a social presence – or the sense of “being together with another” and the percep?on of “a social mind” (Heeter, 1992; Biocca et al., 20031). Chatbots, for this reason, will likely to be a great choice of a social computer for the purpose of this assignment. For example, you could try to carry out a conversa?on with a human friend first, and then carry out the same conversa?on with a chatbot, and see if you can detect any interes?ng similari?es/differences between these two conversa?ons surrounding the manifesta?on of your social psychology concept. Here are some popular chatbots/digital assistants: ChatGPT, Microsoa’s new Bing, Google Bard AI, Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, etc. Remember, the key of choosing the right “computer” agent is social presence. If you are in the mood for crea?vity, you could also consider other agents that you perceive to be “social” (e.g., video game characters), as long as you can effec?vely compare the interac?ons between the “social” computer agent and other humans for the social psychology topic you choose. If you are unsure, you can always reach out to me for advice. 1 Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. K. (2003). Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456-480. Heeter, C. (1992). Being There: The subjective experience of presence. Presence, 1(2), 262-271. 2 Paper Instruc@ons: 1. Introduc?on (100 - 150 words): Briefly explain the social psychology concept you have chosen and provide an overview of how you will analyze its applica?on in human-human and human-AI interac?ons. Include a brief summary of key studies and findings related to this concept in tradi?onal social psychology literature, and discuss why you believe this concept is important to examine. 2. Descrip?ons of Observed Interac?ons (150 – 250 words): Before proceeding to your analyses, describe your observa?ons of interac?ons with both a human and an AI system that you believe represent your chosen concept. This observa?on could either come from your own experience (e.g., you could try to ini?ate a conversa?on with a human friend and then do it again but with a chatbot) – this is what we would call introspec?on – or it could come from your observa?ons of interac?ons of other people. Ensure that you provide enough detail for readers to understand the context of these interac?ons. Be mindful of any biases you may have, and try to present the interac?ons objec?vely. 3a. Analysis of Human-to-Human Interac?ons (150 – 250 words): Discuss how your chosen concept is demonstrated in the human-human interac?on you observed. Analyze the dynamics of the interac?on, how your chosen concept was presented or played out, and the implica?ons of these observa?ons. Refer to theore?cal models or previous studies where appropriate to support your analysis. 3b. Analysis of Human-to-AI Interac?ons (150 – 250 words): Similarly, analyze the human-AI interac?on you experienced. Discuss the presence (or lack) of your chosen concept, the dynamics of the interac?on, and any unique aspects compared to human-human interac?ons. Consider how the design or programming of the AI might influence the manifesta?on of your chosen concept. 4. Systema?c Comparisons (150 – 250 words): Compare the presence and effects of the chosen concept in the interac?ons you observed. Highlight the similari?es and differences, no?ng any factors that might contribute to these (e.g., the nature of AI, social norms, your own expecta?ons or biases). 5. Conclusion (100 - 150 words): Summarize your key findings and insights. Discuss the implica?ons of your findings for the future of human-computer interac?ons and social psychology. 6. References: You must include cita?ons to support your analysis. Use APA style for referencing. There is no minimum number of cita?ons required. However, you are expected to cite all of the sources that you have used properly.

Sample Solution

In this paper, I will explore the social psychology concept of attribution bias in the context of human-human and human-AI interactions. Attribution bias is the tendency to attribute the causes of our own and others' behaviors to different factors. For example, if we fail at a task, we are more likely to attribute our failure to external factors (e.g., the difficulty of the task, bad luck), while if someone else fails at the same task, we are more likely to attribute their failure to internal factors (e.g., their lack of ability). I will first provide a brief overview of attribution bias and its key findings in traditional social psychology literature. I will then describe two observations of human-human and human-AI interactions that I believe illustrate attribution bias. Finally, I will analyze these observations and discuss the implications of my findings.

Full Answer Section

Attribution Bias Attribution bias is a well-established phenomenon in social psychology. It has been studied in a variety of contexts, including work settings, educational settings, and interpersonal relationships. There are two main types of attribution bias: actor-observer bias and self-serving bias. Actor-observer bias refers to the tendency to attribute our own behaviors to external factors, while attributing the behaviors of others to internal factors. For example, if we get a good grade on a test, we are more likely to attribute our success to our hard work and intelligence, while if someone else gets a good grade on the same test, we are more likely to attribute their success to their natural ability. Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and deny responsibility for our failures. For example, if we succeed at a task, we are more likely to attribute our success to our own abilities, while if we fail at a task, we are more likely to attribute our failure to external factors. Observations of Human-Human and Human-AI Interactions I observed two interactions that I believe illustrate attribution bias. The first interaction was a conversation I had with a friend about a recent test we had both taken. I had gotten a good grade on the test, while my friend had gotten a bad grade. In our conversation, I attributed my success to my hard work and preparation, while my friend attributed their failure to the difficulty of the test. The second interaction was a conversation I had with a chatbot about the same test. I asked the chatbot why I had gotten a good grade, and the chatbot responded that it was because I was a smart and capable person. I then asked the chatbot why my friend had gotten a bad grade, and the chatbot responded that it was because they had not studied enough. Analysis of Observations The two observations I described above illustrate both actor-observer bias and self-serving bias. In the first observation, I attributed my success to my own abilities, while my friend attributed their failure to external factors. In the second observation, the chatbot attributed my success to my internal factors (my intelligence and capability), while it attributed my friend's failure to their external factors (their lack of studying). These observations suggest that attribution bias is not limited to human-human interactions. It can also occur in human-AI interactions. This is because AI systems are often designed to be socially intelligent. They are programmed to mimic human behavior, including the way that humans attribute causes to events. Implications of Findings The findings of this paper have a number of implications. First, they suggest that attribution bias is a pervasive phenomenon that can occur in a variety of contexts. Second, they suggest that attribution bias can be influenced by the design of AI systems. Third, they suggest that attribution bias can have a number of negative consequences, such as leading to conflict and misunderstanding. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has explored the social psychology concept of attribution bias in the context of human-human and human-AI interactions. The findings of this paper suggest that attribution bias is a pervasive phenomenon that can have a number of negative consequences. It is important to be aware of attribution bias and its potential effects in order to mitigate its negative consequences.

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