Structure Of The Neuron And Central Nervous System
Sample Solution
The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. It is made up of three main parts: the soma, the dendrites, and the axon. The soma is the cell body, which contains the nucleus and other organelles. The dendrites are short, branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons. The axon is a long, single extension that carries signals away from the somaFull Answer Section
When a neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated in the soma. This impulse travels down the axon to the axon terminals. At the axon terminals, the impulse causes the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that bind to receptors on other neurons. The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors causes a change in the electrical potential of the other neuron, which may either excite or inhibit the neuron.
- The subcortical structures are a group of brain regions that lie beneath the cerebral cortex. They include the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia.
- The thalamus is a relay station for sensory information. It receives sensory information from the spinal cord and the retina, and then sends it to the appropriate areas of the cortex.
- The hypothalamus is a small region that controls a variety of functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotions.
- The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, especially fear and anxiety.
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and consolidation.
- The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and coordination.
The amygdala plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction. It is involved in the processing of emotions, especially fear and anxiety. It is also involved in the formation of memories, especially memories of emotional events. In addiction, the amygdala is involved in the rewarding effects of drugs and alcohol.
The two key neurotransmitters located in the nigra striatal region of the brain that play a major role in motor control are dopamine and glutamate. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in reward, motivation, and movement. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is involved in learning and memory.
- Glia cells are non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons. They make up about 50% of the cells in the central nervous system. There are many different types of glia cells, but the most common are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
- Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that provide structural support for neurons. They also help to regulate the extracellular environment around neurons.
- Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating axons, which is the process of wrapping the axon in a fatty sheath that insulates it and speeds up the conduction of electrical impulses.
- Microglia are immune cells that protect the brain from infection and injury.
Glia cells play a vital role in the function of the central nervous system. They help to keep neurons healthy, they support neuronal signaling, and they protect the brain from damage.