The boy's actions are according to each of the four theories.

Sample Solution

The Boy's Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis

Biological Theory

Biological theories suggest that criminal behavior is influenced by genetic, neurological, or physiological factors. In the case of the fourteen-year-old boy, a biological perspective might attribute his actions to:

• Genetic predispositions: The boy may have inherited genetic traits that increase his risk of engaging in criminal behavior.
• Neurological abnormalities: Brain abnormalities or dysfunctions could potentially contribute to impulsive or antisocial behavior.
• Hormonal imbalances: Fluctuations in hormones, such as testosterone, may influence aggression and risk-taking behavior.

Reference:

• Bartol, C. R. (2017). Criminal Behavior: Theories and Concepts. Cengage Learning.

Psychological Theory

Psychological theories emphasize the role of individual personality traits, cognitive processes, and emotional states in criminal behavior. In this case, the boy's behavior could be explained by:

• Personality factors: The boy may have a personality type that is more prone to impulsivity, aggression, or a lack of empathy.
• Cognitive distortions: The boy may have faulty beliefs or perceptions that justify his actions, such as the belief that he deserves the items or that the clerk won't notice.
• Emotional factors: The boy may be experiencing emotional distress or trauma that contributes to his behavior.

Reference:

• Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)

Full Answer Section

Social Structure Theory

Social structure theories suggest that criminal behavior is influenced by societal factors, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunities. In this case, the boy's behavior could be explained by:

• Economic deprivation: The boy's family's poverty may have created a sense of desperation or a need to obtain resources that are not readily available.
• Lack of opportunities: The boy may feel limited opportunities for success or achievement, leading to frustration and deviant behavior.
• Social disorganization: The boy may live in a neighborhood with high rates of crime and social disorder, which can influence his behavior.

Reference:

• Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (1968)

Social Process Theory

Social process theories emphasize the role of social interactions and learning experiences in shaping criminal behavior. In this case, the boy's behavior could be explained by:

• Differential association theory: The boy may have been exposed to delinquent peers or role models who have influenced his behavior.
• Control theory: The boy may have weak social bonds or a lack of social control, making him more likely to engage in deviant behavior.
• Labeling theory: The boy may have been labeled as a delinquent or troublemaker, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and increased criminal behavior.

Reference:

• Edwin H. Sutherland, Principles of Criminology (1939)