The different types of evidence, such as impression, fingerprint, DNA, and so much more. You are to describe a specific type of evidence you found the most interesting.

You have learned about the different types of evidence, such as impression, fingerprint, DNA, and so much more. You are to describe a specific type of evidence you found the most interesting. You must include forensic contributors to this specific field of evidence and how science has evolved in the analysis process. Lastly, you have to include a case where this piece of evidence was involved (you do not have to articulate if this evidence solved the case). You must have 3 references, one of which is your textbook. You need to include in-text citations (Plotkin, 2016).

Sample Solution

       

Of the diverse types of evidence encountered, firearms evidence, encompassing the examination of firearms, ammunition, and toolmarks, stands out as particularly interesting due to its intricate scientific underpinnings and the profound impact it can have on investigations. The ability to connect a specific firearm to a crime scene through the unique markings it leaves on bullets and cartridge cases showcases a fascinating intersection of mechanical processes and meticulous forensic analysis.  

Forensic contributors to the field of firearms evidence are numerous and have played pivotal roles in its development. Calvin Goddard

is often considered a pioneer in this field. In the early 20th century, Goddard was instrumental in establishing the scientific basis for bullet and cartridge case comparison. He developed the comparison microscope technique, which allowed examiners to simultaneously view two bullets or cartridge cases side-by-side, facilitating the identification of matching microscopic characteristics (Saferstein, 2018). His work was crucial in professionalizing the discipline and providing a more objective and scientific approach to firearms identification.  

Another significant contributor is Philip O. Gravelle, who collaborated with Goddard. Gravelle's expertise in microscopy and photomicrography was vital in documenting and presenting firearms evidence in court. Their combined efforts, particularly their involvement in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre investigation, brought the scientific analysis of firearms evidence to public attention and highlighted its potential in solving complex crimes. Modern forensic scientists in this field continue to build upon this foundational work, constantly refining techniques and incorporating new technologies.  

Full Answer Section

       

The science behind firearms analysis has evolved significantly. Early comparisons relied heavily on the examiner's subjective judgment of matching gross and microscopic characteristics. However, advancements in technology have introduced more objective and quantitative methods. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) allows for higher magnification and detailed analysis of toolmarks on bullets and cartridge cases, providing more precise comparisons. Automated Ballistic Identification Systems (IBIS), such as the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) in the United States, utilize digital imaging and sophisticated algorithms to compare images of fired bullets and cartridge cases collected from crime scenes and test fires. This technology allows for rapid searching and potential linking of seemingly unrelated crimes, significantly enhancing investigative capabilities (Tilstone et al., 2019). Furthermore, research continues into the statistical probability of finding matching striations and impressions, moving the field towards a more probabilistic framework for conclusions.  

A notable case where firearms evidence played a crucial role, though the outcome regarding whether it definitively solved the case is not detailed here, is the investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The examination of the rifle found in the Texas School Book Depository and the bullets recovered from the victims was central to the investigation. Ballistics experts meticulously analyzed the markings on the bullets and compared them to test fires from the rifle. While the conclusions drawn from this evidence have been subject to debate and scrutiny over the years, the firearms analysis was undoubtedly a critical component of the official investigations and continues to be a point of discussion in understanding the events of that day (Plotkin, 2016).  

In conclusion, firearms evidence represents a fascinating area of forensic science, built upon the foundational work of pioneers like Goddard and Gravelle and continually evolving with advancements in microscopy, imaging technology, and statistical analysis. Its involvement in significant cases underscores its importance in the pursuit of justice.

References

Plotkin, R. M. (2016). Case closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of JFK. Regnery History.

Saferstein, R. (2018). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (13th ed.). Pearson Education.  

Tilstone, W. J., Bell, S., & Forest, G. (2019). Forensic science

(3rd ed.). Wiley.

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