To what extent has de-westernisation of media diversified and democratised the representation of major international issues? Discuss with examples.

  Essays should critically discuss the topic by engaging with relevant theoretical perspectives and examples. Topics for the essay: To what extent has de-westernisation of media diversified and democratised the representation of major international issues? Discuss with examples. Essays should critically discuss the topic by engaging with relevant theoretical perspectives and examples. Topics for the essay: To what extent has de-westernisation of media diversified and democratised the representation of major international issues? Discuss with examples. Teacher said that: the essay question has no certain answer, so we need to discuss both side and then formulate your argument. And we need to define ‘diversified ‘and ‘democratized’ within the discussion and what major international issues you discuss. Examples are important. In our class，we talk a lot about some global media like Al‐Jazeera, and we talk a lot about media representation Here are some readings: Seib, P. (2005). Hegemonic No More: Western Media, the Rise of Al‐Jazeera, and the Influence of Diverse Voices. International studies review, 7(4), 601-615. Painter, J. (2008). Counter-Hegemonic News: A case study of Al-Jazeera English and Telesur. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Pages 1-44: http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Counter-Hegemonic%20News%20A%20case%20study%20of%20Al-Jazeera%20English%20and%20Telesur.pdf Boltanski, L. 1999. Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics. Cambridge, CUP. Lugo-Ocando, J. (2015). Blaming the Victim: How Global Journalism Fails Those in Poverty. London: Pluto Press (Chapter 7. The Emergence of Alternative Voices). Rawnsley, G. D. (2015). To know us is to love us: Public diplomacy and international broadcasting in contemporary Russia and China. Politics, 35(3-4): 273-286. Kolmer, C. and Semetko, H. (2009) Framing the Iraq War: perspectives from American, UK, Czech, German, South African, and Al-Jazeera News. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(5): 643-656. de Beer, A. (2010) News from and in the ‘Dark Continent’. Journalism Studies, 11(4): 596-609. • Said, E. (2003/1978) Orientalism. London: Penguin Books. (Preface (2003) and Introduction). Curran, J., and Park, M.J. (2000) ‘Beyond globalization theory’, in J. Curran and M.J. Park (eds) De-Westernising Media Studies, pp. 3-18. London: Routledge. Harrison, G. (2010). The Africanization of poverty: A retrospective on 'Make poverty history'. African Affairs, 109(436): 391-408. Gumede, W. 2010. Africa remains shrouded in myth. The Guardian 16 January. Available: www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/16/africa-western-view Chouliaraki, L. (2010) Post-humanitarianism: humanitarian communication beyond a politics of pity. International Journal of Cultural Studies 13(2): 107–126. Chouliaraki, L. (2011) 'Improper distance': Towards a critical account of solidarity as irony. International Journal of Cultural Studies 14(1): 1-19. Chouliaraki, L. (2013). The Ironic Spectator. Solidarity in the age of post-humanitarianism. Cambridge, Polity. • Cohen, S. (2001). States of Denial. Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge, Polity Press. Darnton, A. & Kirk, M. 2011 Finding Frames. New Ways to Engage the UK Public in Global Poverty. London: BOND Evans, J and S Hall (ed) 2004 Visual Culture: The Reader. London: Sage Hall, S. (ed) 1997. Representation: cultural representations and signifying practice. London: Sage • Said, E. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. Vintage, London. Silverstone, R. 2006. Media and Morality. On the rise of the Mediapolis. Polity Press, London. • Sparks, C. 2007. Globalisation, Development and the Mass Media. Sage, London.